Hamoudi and WS V Fron­tex: Break­ing the Im­munity, Not the Cycle

De­vel­op­ment sum­mary

Laura Salzano’s note in the European Journ­al of Mi­gra­tion and Law dis­cusses the CJEU’s 18 Decem­ber 2025 judg­ments in Hamoudi v Fron­tex and WS and Others v Fron­tex. Ac­cord­ing to the source, both cases con­cerned al­leged fundamental-rights vi­ol­a­tions arising from Frontex-coordinated op­er­a­tions in the Aegean Sea and dam­ages claims under Art­icles 268 and 340(2) TFEU; in Hamoudi, the Court ad­dressed the prima facie evid­ence threshold and the Gen­er­al Court’s in­vest­ig­at­ive powers, while in WS it held that Fron­tex must verify the ex­ist­ence of writ­ten return de­cisions and that Member State li­ab­il­ity does not ab­so­lutely ex­clude con­cur­rent Fron­tex li­ab­il­ity.